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Published in AgroLife Scientific Journal, Volume 3, Number 1
Written by Ratu SAFITRI, Bena ZAIRA, Dan Nia ROSSIANA

Manufacture of crude palm oil (CPO) is one of Indonesia's industrial agro commodities that support the Indonesian economy. The increase in CPO production will increase the production of waste palm oil Elaeis guinensis Jacq.). Palm oil mill wastewater has high potential to pollute the waters. This is due to palm oil wastewater containing high levels of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), and BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), TSS (total suspended solid), containing solids of crude Palm oil, smelling, dark brown color, contain high levels of oils, fats and proteins as well as the rest of the cooking pressed palm fruit bunches. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of the consortium of Trichoderma viride, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Bacillus sp. and effective dose inoculums in degrading oil palm wastewater. This study used an experimental method to completely randomized design (CRD) factorial with two factors and three replications. Factor 1 consortium type are c1 (Bacillus sp.,Trichoderma viride), a consortium of c2 (Bacillus sp.,P hanerochaete chrysosporium) and a consortium c3 (Bacillus sp., Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trichoderma viride) and factor 2 inoculums dose are; 0% (no inoculation), 2.5% and 5%. The results showed that the consortium of Bacillus sp., Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trichoderma viride at a dose of inoculum 2.5% most effective in degrading wastewater palm oil, because it produces a reducing sugar levels 64.27%, lower levels of BOD by 44%, reduce levels of COD by 25.86%, reduce levels of ammonia by 60.71% and lower levels of TSS by 46.43% within 9 days.

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Published in AgroLife Scientific Journal, Volume 3, Number 1
Written by Medana ZAMFIR, Călina-Petruța CORNEA, Luc DE VUYST, Silvia-Simona GROSU-TUDOR

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) constitute a heterogeneous group of industrially important bacteria that are used to produce fermented foods and beverages, using various substrates, such as milk, vegetables, cereals, meat, cocoa beans etc.The most important advantage of LAB, making them suitable for the use in food biotechnology, is that they are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). LAB have been shown to contribute to the improvement of the shelf life of fermented foods, due to the production of a wide variety of compounds, acting in a synergistic way to prevent or eliminate microbial contamination. In fermented foods, LAB also contribute to the nutritional and organoleptic characteristics of the final products and they are traditionally used as starter cultures for the industrial production of many types of foods and beverages. The so-called “functional foods” concept was recently proposed and has shown a remarkable growth over the last few years. Such foods should promote well-being and health, while at the same time should reduce the risk of some major chronic and degenerative diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, obesity and gastrointestinal tract disorders. Therefore, an increasing demand exists for new functional starter strains that show desirable effects on the product characteristics. They should possess at least one inherent functional property, contributing to food safety and/or offering one or more organoleptic, technological, nutritional, or health advantages. Traditionally fermented foods are the best places to look for such microorganisms with potential applications in food industry and health. In Romania, fermented foods are still produced, at a large extent, in a traditional way, depending on local and regional traditions and on the indigenous microbiota present or selected by the environment or technology used (no starter cultures are added). Some of these products, mainly fermented vegetables and cereals are known for their positive effect on human organisms, especially due to the high vitamin and mineral content. The present paper will present our most important findings on the diversity of LAB in traditional Romanian fermented foods, but also on the isolation and characterization of some metabolites produced by these bacteria, with potential applications in food biotechnology.

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Published in AgroLife Scientific Journal, Volume 3, Number 1
Written by Anca Laura ROTMAN, Camelia SLAVE

Danube, the second longest river in Europe through a tortuous path in the Black Forest to the Black Sea. The river arises through union sources: Breg, Brigach, Donau Quelle and joins the sea by three branches: Chilia, Sulina and St. George forming the Danube Delta. As space crosses so large and diverse to establish the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River which aims to ensure the sustainable use and equitable access to water resources along the river basin, the Commission's work jumpers Danube River Protection Convention which is an important instrument for cooperation and transboundary water management in the Danube basin. Romania was in 2007 president of the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River. Romania is interested to protect the water of the river, given the length that it crosses the country and the fact that the arms of the Danube flows into the Black Sea forms one of the most rare and beautiful wetlands, named Danube Delta. It is appreciated that the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve has become as compared to other deltas of Europe and the Earth has retained a high biodiversity, that a multitude of species from a variety of systematic units. In the European continent, Delta retained natural habitat. This area has special significance both ornithological aspect and morphological and climatic factors have described it as a very important reserve. Nature reserves in the area of 41500 ha were delineated in three different biotypes of the delta and was placed in the international studies program "Man and Biosphere" attached to UNESCO to recognize the importance of Romanian scientific nature reserves and the richness and variety of flora and fauna elements.

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Published in AgroLife Scientific Journal, Volume 3, Number 1
Written by Mara GEORGESCU, Constantin SAVU, Ileana PĂUNESCU, Dragoș GEORGESCU

Listeria monocytogenes is a challenging problem still associated with traditional raw milk cheese manufacturing, as it can contaminate milk at reception but it can also occur at later production stages. A model HACCP plan was developed for L. monocytogenes hazard, associated with raw milk cheese production in a local artisanal type manufacturing facility. Ripening was identified as CCP. Critical limits were set considering previous scientific findings related to L. monocytogenes development and fluctuations in such cheeses. The prerequisite programs and the management of the established control system for L. monocytogenes were designed in such manner as to allow the artisanal production by traditional means and to ensure the safety of the final product.

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Published in AgroLife Scientific Journal, Volume 3, Number 1
Written by Hamid MADANI, Amir SHARIFI

In order to study the growth and development of three irrigated sunflower hybrids (Helianthus annuus L. CVs. Zaria, Alestar and Azargol) in different irrigation halts, a field experiment was conducted at Zahedan Islamic Azad University field experiments Zahedan, Iran, in 2005. The experiment was laid out in split plot arrangement at randomized complete block design (RCBD) in 4 replications. Main plots were arranged for irrigation halt according to plant phonological stages in four levels normal irrigation or control, halt irrigation at pre anthesis, full flowering and post anthesis stages, sub plots were included three sunflower Zaria, Alestar and Azargol cultivars. The results showed halt irrigation had significant effect on all measured characters. The study of treatments interactions showed halt irrigation could reduce sunflower yield quality and quantity immediately. Azargol hybrid under flowering stage halt irrigation had the heist seed yield by 4.29 t/ha. However, Azagol cultivar was able to maintain its yield by 4.3 t/ha after halt irrigation at seed development stage. Alestar cultivar was more sensitive to halt irrigation at reproductive stages; its decreased was 48% and 45% in yield and oil yield, respectively. Zaria cultivar showed higher resistance to halt irrigation, comparing to Alestar and Azargol.

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Published in AgroLife Scientific Journal, Volume 3, Number 1
Written by Janna CROPOTOVA, Svetlana POPEL, Alexandra COLESNICENCO

The objective of this work was to analyze the main physicochemical properties of the fruit fillings prepared by using a heat-stable blend based on two hydrocolloids: low acyl gellan gum and amylopectin starch. Cherry and peach purees thawed after 1 month of freezer storage were used as a primary raw material in the preparation of fruit fillings. These were assayed for pH, soluble solids, total titrable acidity and total polyphenols before being used in the process of making fruit fillings. The same physicochemical parameters were investigated in the fillings prepared from the fruit purees presented above. In order to find out how the main quality characteristics of fruit fillings are affected by the thermal treatment during preparation and how the heat-stable complex containing low acyl gellan gum and amylopectin starch is capable to save a part of the essential compounds naturally found in the used fruit-based raw material, the control samples of fruit fillings (without heat-stable complex) were additionally prepared.

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Published in AgroLife Scientific Journal, Volume 3, Number 1
Written by Mustafa Ali KAPTAN, Mehmet AYDIN, Zeynel DALKILIÇ

This research was carried out to investigate the differential responses of nine different fig cultivars against the boron toxicity and the effects of boron toxicity on dry matter yield, morphological properties and plant boron concentrations. A pot experiment was designed (perlite+sand mixture, 1:1) with two levels of boron (normal 0.46; high 8 mg B l-1) and nine different fig cultivars (Ficus carica L. Akçakum, Bardakçı, Göklop, Halebi, Koca ana, Mor incir, Morgöz, Sarılop and Siyahkuş) under the controlled conditions. All of the fig cultivars showed different response against boron toxicity. Boron concentrations in all of the leaf parts increased significantly by increasing the B supply. Leaf tips were the dominant sites of B accumulation compared to the other leaf parts. The toxic level of boron application leads to significant reduction on plant height, internodal length, leaf numbers, shoot diameter and total dry matter while it decreased root length. The highest reduction was obtained by the total dry matter and it was followed by internodal length, leaf numbers and shoot diameter respectively. In terms of dry matter yield and plant height, among the cultivars, Bardakçı cv. was affected the least from the boron toxicity.

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Published in AgroLife Scientific Journal, Volume 3, Number 1
Written by Florin SALA, Marius BOLDEA, Iosif GERGEN

Fractal analysis was used as an instrument for the characterization of a winter wheat crop in different vegetation stages. The digital images captured in the visible spectrum were analyzed with the soft HarFA and ImageJ, and the data obtained facilitated the fractal characterization of the wheat crop. The fractal dimension (FD) varies in relation with the growth stages analyzed, between 1.896±0.019 - 1.931±0.017 (with HarFA) and 1.898±0.105 -1.933±0.064 (with ImageJ), with a correlation R2 = 0.983 - 0.999 for FD. The highest values of the fractal dimension were recorded in the stage of physiological maturity of plants. Particular values of the fractal parameters (fractal spectrum – FS, fractal dimension - FD) are specific for each vegetation stage and can represent stable elements for characterizing the wheat crop development.

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Published in AgroLife Scientific Journal, Volume 3, Number 1
Written by Gheorghe HRINCĂ, Sergiu Emil GEORGESCU, Gabriel VICOVAN, Ionică NECHIFOR

By Real-Time PCR technique, the existence of polymorphism at the level of PrP gene (associated with susceptibility to scrapie) has been revealed in Botosani Karakul sheep. Practically, the polymorphism was analyzed at codons 136, 154 and 171. Among the five alleles (ARR, ARQ, AHQ, ARH and VRQ) incriminated in association with this disease in ovine species, only three of them were found in the Botosani Karakul breed determining the phenotypic expression of all six possible genotypes. The most common allele is ARQ (56.10%); the incidence of allele ARR (38.21%) is considerable, and the allele ARH has a low prevalence (5.69%). The most frequent genotype is ARQ/ARQ (47.97%), followed by genotype ARR/ARR (26.83%); the genotypes ARR/ARQ (14.63%) and ARR/ARH (8.13%) record moderate or relatively low frequencies, the other two genotypes (ARO/ARH = 1.63% and ARH/ARH = 0.81%) being met rarely in the population. The distributions of genotypes at the PrP locus make the total homozygosity (75.61%) to be well represented compared to the total heterozygosity (24.39%). In the Botosani Karakul breed, major discrepancies were observed between the empirical frequencies and those estimated, so that we witness a very significant genetic disequilibrium Hardy-Weinberg at the PrP locus. In the Botosani Karakul sheep, the prion genotypes that are associated in the highest degree with scrapie are completely absent (classes of risk R4 and R5). Thus, all individuals are resistant to scrapie (50%) (classes of risk R1) or have a low risk of contracting the disease (50%) (class of risk R3). This association represents a notable selective advantage of Botosani Karakul sheep compared to all other autochthonous or foreign sheep breeds.

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Published in AgroLife Scientific Journal, Volume 3, Number 1
Written by Veselka VLAHOVA, Vladislav POPOV

Biofertilisers emerged as a successful alternative to mineral fertilizers in maintaining soil fertility in organic farming. The aim of the study was to examine the impact of biofertilisation on vegetative growth and indicators of leaf gasexchange (rate of net photosynthesis, intensity of transpiration, and stomatal conductance) of pepper seedlings. An experiment was carried out in 2009-2011 in a polyethylene greenhouse at the biological farm at the Agroecological Centre at the Agricultural University-Plovdiv. It included pepper variety 'Sofiiska Kapiya' and selected biofertilizers that were tested for their effectiveness, i.e. Seasol (Earthcare), applied on two basic fertilisations- Boneprot and Lumbrical. The biofertilisers’ active substances fall in the list of allowed soil fertility additives according to Regulation (EC) No. 889/2008. The results from the biometric measurements of pepper seedlings (plant height and number of leaves) showed the highest values for the variant fed with the combination of biofertiliser Seasol applied on the basic fertilisation with Boneprot (2009, 2011). The positive impact of this combined application was shown by the higher rate of net photosynthesis (2010, 2011) in comparison to the single application of the basic fertilisation with Boneprot. An overall improvement of the physiological status of the seedlings was observed. The highest value of the the intensity of the transpiration was observed for the treatment with optimum concentration of basic fertilisation with Lumbrical (2010, 2011). The stomatal conductance had a high value upon combined application of biofertiliser Seasol on the basic fertilisation with Lumbrical (2009, 2010). The highest values of stomatal conductance were observed in the treatments, which showed also a maximum intensity of transpiration that can be attributed to the supply of nutrients in easily accessible form with the liquid biofertiliser Seasol and its good combination with basic biofertiliser applications.

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