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Published in AgroLife Scientific Journal, Volume 5, Number 2
Written by Ely ZAYOVA, Milena NIKOLOVA, Ludmila DIMITROVA, Maria PETROVA

A tissue culture technique for micropropagation of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) was established. High percentage of seed germination (100%) was recorded on Murashige and Shoog medium enriched with 0.4 mg l-1 gibberellic acid and 10 mg l-1 ascorbic acid after one week of culture. The maximum number of shoots per explant (2.7) gave MS medium with 2 mg l-1 6-benzylaminopurine after five weeks of culture. The best plant rooting was achieved on half-strength MS medium with 0.1 mg l-1 indole-3-butyric acid after four weeks of culture. The multiple plants were successfully ex vitro adapted with 95% survival. After six months under field conditions, important morphometric traits of ex vitro and in vivo derived plants were evaluated. Some morphological characteristics as plant height, leaf size, number of branches and leaves per plant were influenced by the propagation way. Differences between extracts of in vitro, ex vitro and in vivo developed plants in regard to free radical scavenging activity, flavonoid and lipid composition were not established. This is the first comparative study of micropropagated and in vivo seed derived chia plants. The study presents also for the first time data for antioxidant potential and lipid components of leaves of S. hispanica.

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Published in AgroLife Scientific Journal, Volume 6, Number 1
Written by Daniel CRISTINA, Matilda CIUCĂ, Călina-Petruța CORNEA

Modern breeding programs are based on the differences that distinguish one plant from another one, differences encoded in the plant’s genetic material, the DNA. Genotypic selection, particularly at the DNA level, can be exploited in Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) to identify desirable recombinants among segregating populations. Successful DNA amplification is vital for the detection of specific DNA targets, and this depends on the ability of DNA isolation methods to produce good quality DNA. DNA isolation from plant tissues remains difficult because of the presence of a rigid cell wall surrounding the plant cells. DNA isolation methods are affected by several factors like the amount of tissue needed and its availability, the number of steps involved and the chemicals used. In this study four different DNA isolation methods, based on CTAB and SDS (three methods), applied on single dry seed of wheat, barley and rye, were tested and compared. The quality of DNA was assessed by spectrophotometric measurements, gel electrophoresis and PCR reactions. The results of the experiments showed that DNA isolated by all four isolation methods is not excessively fragmented, A260/A280 ratio was between 1.6-1.9 and the concentration ranged between 20-194 ng/μl. The quality of the DNA was good and allowed the amplification of specific fragments by PCR. CTAB method had better A260/A280 ratio followed by SDS1, SDS2 and SDS3. Electrophoretic pattern showed better results with SDS2 method, followed by SDS3, SDS1 and CTAB. Furthermore, the CTAB and SDS1 methods need more time than SDS2 and SDS3, even though the number of steps of each method are almost equal (±2 steps). An estimative cost per sample showed that the cheapest method is the SDS3, the other three having similar costs.

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Published in AgroLife Scientific Journal, Volume 6, Number 1
Written by Iosif SARAZ, Mihai CENARIU, Simona CIUPE, Raul POP, Ioan GROZA

The objectives of this study were to achieve an epidemiological investigation on subclinical mastitis in dairy cows and to evaluate milk quality according to factors such as somatic cell number, protein, fat, dry matter, freezing point. The study was carried out during 2014 in two farms located in north-west of Romania. Detection of subclinical mastitis at farm A was carried out using MAST-O-TEST method and at farm B by KERBATEST method. In terms of temporal evolution, the highest incidence of subclinical mastitis was recorded in summer (farm A: 4.38%, 5.18%, 5.78% and farm B: 4.46%, 5.36%). Regarding subclinical mastitis incidence in relation to age of the animals, the highest values were observed in animals ranging from 4-6 years (62.75% - farm A and 60.00% - farm B). The epidemiological study conducted in relation to the stage of lactation showed that the highest rate was recorded in cows in the 4th lactation (47.55% - farm A and 48.57% - farm B). The overall analysis of the results relating to the anatomical positioning of the affected quarter revealed that the highest frequency was observed in the hindquarters (68.16% - farm A and 68.57% - farm B). A higher incidence of subclinical mastitis was observed during summer season and therefore biochemical analysis and determination of somatic cells number (SCC) were performed only during this period. For these determinations an automated system - CombiFoss was used. The control group (C) showed SCC values between 130 - 300 SCCx10-3 mL-1 while in mastitis group (M) the number of somatic cells was between 678 - 1,705 SCCx10-3 mL-1. The mean values for the other parameters were as follows: dry matter (C-10.18%, S-8.36%), protein (C-3.41%, S- 2.88%), fat (C-4.06%, S-3.28%), freezing point (C-0.529, S-0.609).

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series "AgroLife Journal", Vol. 4 ISSUE 1
Written by Gemilang Lara UTAMA, Lobo Balia ROOSTITA, Tubagus Benito Achmad KURNANI, SUNARDI

Aims of the study was to determine the cost-benefit analysis in neufchatel whey bioconversion into rectified ethanol and organic liquid fertilizer. Bioconversion whey into rectified ethanol and organic liquid fertilizer has shown great potential as a way to reduce the pollution resulting from cheese-making process. Semi pilot scale experiment was done to ferment 5 L neufchatel whey using 5% K. lactis at 33°C for 24 h in semi anaerobic plastic container without agitation and then distilled into 96.2% purity. Data collected and analyzed descriptively related to benefit cost ratio/BCR, net present value/NPV and internal rate returns/IRR. The result showed that semi pilot scale bioconversion of neufchatel whey resulting in 106.42 ml rectified ethanol and 4404.22 ml distillery residue. Economic benefit could achieved by the support of distillery residue sales as organic liquid fertilizer.

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Published in AgroLife Scientific Journal, Volume 5, Number 1
Written by H. Huseyin OZTURK, H. Kaan KUCUKERDEM

In this study, the heating loads of plastic greenhouses were determined based on long term meteorological data in Adana region of Turkey. Considering the air temperature requirements of warm season species, energy consumptions were calculated for heating periods. If the monthly average low temperatures are considered as the outside air temperature, when the air temperature in the greenhouse is considered as in 180C, the average greenhouse heating load is 64.4 W/m2, during the October-May heating period. However, when the air temperature in the greenhouse is considered as in 150C, the average greenhouse heating load is 44.5 W/m2 during the same period. The average energy consumption for 1 da greenhouse heating (Tg=150C) is 176 MJ/h, during the October-May heating period.

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Published in AgroLife Scientific Journal, Volume 6, Number 2
Written by Aidin ALP, Sadettin ÇELİK, Döne PARLAK

The study was performed in 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 vegetation seasons in the Dicle University, Agricultural Faculty, Research and Application Field and open greenhouse conditions. In this study, dry plant weight, K+/Na+ rates, Ca, Fe, and Zn contents in green parts of different 5 bread wheat cultivars of foreign origin, and the standard bread wheat cultivar, which is cultivated commonly in Southeastern Anatolia Region, have been compared under salt stress in pots. In addition, the agricultural characteristics like Number of Heading Days, Plant Height, Plant Grain Yield and Thousand Grain Weight were measured both in field and pot experiments. It has been determined in the study that average dry weight decreased at a rate of 43.5%, and the K+/Na+rate decreased at a rate of 50.1% in all wheat cultivars that are cultivated in salinity conditions. The Calcium (Ca) content of all cultivars increased at a significant level with the salt application. While the zinc (Zn) content of the Muzik cultivar decreases in salt stress, the Zn contents of the other cultivars have increased.

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Published in AgroLife Scientific Journal, Volume 3, Number 2
Written by Kerrie PICKERING, Ryan PLUMMER, Gary PICKERING

The agricultural sector is sensitive to climate change (CC) and associated extreme weather events, but suffers in Canada from little strategic research and policy on CC adaptation. The wine industry is often considered the 'canary in the coal mine’ for CC due to the narrow geographic and climatic range required by many grape varieties. Adapting to current and projected CC challenges requires industry stakeholders to determine the risks and benefits of CC and develop a level of adaptive capacity. The objectives of this study were to develop a metric for assessing the adaptive capacity of a grape/wine industry, and apply that tool to the Ontario case. A framework was developed and represented as a three-tiered, hierarchical structure, which included eight operational and strategic determinants (financial, institutional, technological, political, knowledge, perception, social capital, and diversity), and 28 specific indicators. A comprehensive questionnaire was created from this framework consisting of 26 statements to which participants indicated their level of agreement. 42 Ontario wine industry members completed the questionnaire via an on-line survey. Results show that the Ontario wine industry has some adaptive capacity in all the key resources assessed. Perception, diversity and knowledge are the determinants with the greatest capacity, while political and technological are the most limited. Overall, industry stakeholders do not perceive they are at a coping threshold and are interested in learning how to better adapt to the impacts of CC. Results are discussed in the context of opportunities to enhance adaptive capacity in the grape/wine community.

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Published in AgroLife Scientific Journal, Volume 5, Number 1
Written by Gheorghe STANCALIE, Vasile CRACIUNESCU, Anisoara IRIMESCU, Iulia Dana NEGULA, Ion NEDELCU, Florin SERBAN, Delia TELEAGA, Stefan-Adrian TOMA, Daniela FAUR, Mihai DATCU, Ana VIRSTA

The number of hydrological (flood, mass movement), meteorological (tropical storm, extratropical storm, convective storm, local storm), climatological (extreme temperature, drought, wildfire) and geophysical (earthquake, tsunami, volcanic activity) events continue to increases in the last decades at global level. According to different research, statistics and databases (UNISDR, EM-DAT) floods are the most frequent in the last decades worldwide and especially in Romania. On the other hand, the probabilistic hazard results for Romania indicate that, in the future, the highest damages will be produced by floods and earthquakes. In this context, it has become necessary to develop an emergency response service. The emergency service, named GEODIM, integrates the GIS geodatabases: roads, rivers, administrative units, land cover/land use, satellite data (optical and synthetic aperture radar), in-situ measurements, in order to support the disaster management. The Earth Observations data offers the capabilities to monitor the disasters at a large scale, being able to identify areas where the events are not in-situ observed or to monitor large vulnerable areas potentially affected by disasters. The paper presents the downstream emergency response service for disaster hazard in Romania, based on Earth Observation data and other geo-information information.

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Published in AgroLife Scientific Journal, Volume 6, Number 1
Written by Tiberiu CONSTANTIN, Iulia PARASCHIV, Todoru SOARE, Andreea ISTRATE, Manuella MILITARU, Ion Alin BÎRȚOIU

Different clinical and paraclinical methods were used to investigate some reproductive indices. In this work 42 Holstein cows, between 21 and 62 days in milk (DIM), were examined by rectal palpation (RP), vaginoscopy (V), endocervical (ECC) and endometrial (EMC) cytological exam. Cervicitis was diagnosed when the second cervical fold was swollen and prolapsed with or without reddening. Cytobrush technique and cotton swab technique were used to take cytology samples at 21-33 DIM (PMN ≥8%), at 34-47 (PMN ≥6%) DIM and 48-62 DIM (PMN ≥4%) and stained using Diff-Quick. The percentage of neutrophils in the uterus and the cervix as indicators of inflammation was determined. Also, for reproductive management it was used uterine histopathologial (HPT) exam in another 12 puerperal cows. Conventional microscopic examination of the tissue sections allowed visualization of histological changes such as normal structure, infiltrate of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), hiperemia, moderate acute endometritis, periferal hemorragies secundar to biposy and hemosiderosis. In total, 78.57% (11/14) of femals had a normal cervix and, after using cytobrush method it was observed that 5 from 14 cows had over 91.08% of PMN. The incidence of subclinical endometritis was recorded as 60.71% (17/28). Another conclusion is that cervical swab cytology is not a good method compared to cytobrush technique that is reliable. Using cytobrush the incidence of subclinical endometritis was recorded as 60.71% (17/28). Endometrial biopsy in postpartum dairy cows might be useful and accurate procedure for detecting existence and severity of endometritis.

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Published in AgroLife Scientific Journal, Volume 6, Number 1
Written by Irina Gabriela CARA, Florin Daniel LIPȘA, Mihai Sorin CARA, Lavinia BURTAN, Denis ȚOPA, Gerard JITĂREANU

Acetochlor is a widespread used herbicide in maize crops; however, the environmental risk of its residues in the soilplant system remains unknown. There was assessed the dissipation dynamics of acetochlor doses and its impact on residue level and microbial activity in soil over a season of vegetation. Since the herbicide was applied to the soil surface, its degradation varies as a dependence of concentration, soil type, pH, organic matter and environmental conditions. The field soil samples extraction in different imposed conditions of depths, time and herbicide application revealed a moving deeper of doses. The increased dose (80%+Rd) affects the persistence of acetochlor in the top layer by increasing its half-life from 14 to 17 days. Dissipation followed a first order kinetics. The diversity of soil microbial community changed after the introduction of acetochlor doses. An evident increase of bacteria and soil microorganisms was observed; however, fungal growth was prone to be inhibited. The higher concentration of herbicide was found to be safe, as well as the residues of acetochlor below maximum residue limits (MRL) at the end of maize crop season.

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